Tachibana no Hayanari (d. 842) was one of the "Three Brushes" along with Kukai and Emperor Saga, master of Tang-style calligraphy. Implicated in the 842 Jowa Incident, he was sentenced to exile in Izu but died en route at Itazuki in Totomi.

Emperor Sutoku (1119-1164), defeated in the 1156 Hogen Rebellion, was exiled to Sanuki where he died nine years later. Refused entry of his blood-written sutra to Kyoto, he reportedly cursed: "I shall become the great demon of Japan, taking the emperor and making him a commoner." He became the most feared of Japan's "three great onryo," with [Shiramine Jingu](/spot/shiramine-jingu) built in Kyoto by Emperor Meiji to appease his spirit.

Prince Sawara (?-785), brother of Emperor Kanmu, starved to death en route to exile in Awaji after being implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara Tanetsugu. His vengeful spirit, blamed for subsequent calamities, became one of Japan's "three great onryo" and a driver of the Heian capital relocation.