On January 21, 1866, Ryōma Sakamoto and Nakaoka Shintarō brokered a secret military alliance between the Satsuma and Chōshū domains, ending years of bitter rivalry. Satsuma's Saigō and Ōkubo joined with Chōshū's Kido Takayoshi in committing to cooperate against the shogunate. This alliance became the backbone of the anti-Tokugawa movement, leading to the restoration of imperial rule in 1868. The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance is regarded as the pivotal diplomatic agreement that made the Meiji Restoration possible.