Arrival of Commodore Perry
On June 3, 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived at Uraga with four steam-powered warships (the "Black Ships"), demanding Japan open to trade. The shogunate postponed its response but signed the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, opening Shimoda and Hakodate. Perry's arrival ended over 200 years of sakoku, igniting the Sonnō Jōi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement, the turbulence of the Bakumatsu era, and ultimately the Meiji Restoration.