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Hamaya and Kumade: Sacred New Year Talismans for Warding Evil and Inviting Fortune
Hamaya arrows and kumade rakes are iconic New Year's talismans found at shrines and fairs across Japan. Discover their origins, meanings, proper display, and the best places to receive them.
Contents
MOKUJI
Hamaya: History of the Sacred Arrow's Power to Ward Evil
Kumade: History of the Fortune-Gathering Rake
Display and Disposal: Proper Handling of Hamaya and Kumade
Where to Receive Famous Hamaya and Kumade
Frequently Asked Questions
Hamaya (demon-breaking arrows) and kumade (fortune rakes) are Japan’s most iconic New Year’s talismans. The arrow symbolically breaks through evil, while the rake gathers in good fortune — both deeply rooted in Japan’s annual New Year rituals. This guide covers their origins, meanings, display practices, and the best places to receive them.
A hamaya (demon-breaking arrow) from Ikuta Shrine in Kobe. The white feathers and golden tip are characteristic of this New Year protective charm
Tomomarusan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0
Hamaya: History of the Sacred Arrow’s Power to Ward Evil
Ancient Belief in Arrows Against Evil Spirits
The hamaya traces its origins to ancient archery rituals in Shinto. Bows and arrows were believed to repel evil spirits, and documents from the Nara period record “meiGen” (resonating bow string) ceremonies used to drive away malevolent forces. By the Heian period, court ceremonies included “hamayumi” (demon-breaking bow) rituals performed at the birth of boys — the name literally means “bow that breaks evil.”
Hamaya and hamayumi (demon-breaking bow and arrow set) from Katori City, Chiba — traditionally gifted to celebrate the birth of a boy
Katorisi / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0
Edo Period: A New Year’s Custom for All
During the Edo period, wooden arrows began to be distributed at shrines as New Year’s lucky charms connected to shooting festivals. This practice is the direct origin of today’s hamaya. Tsurugaoka Hachimangu, strongly associated with the warrior tradition of the Minamoto clan, has long maintained deep ties to bows and arrows, making its New Year hamaya particularly significant.
Types of Hamaya
Modern hamaya come in several varieties:
Type
Description
Standard hamaya
Traditional New Year arrow, often with white feathers
With ema plaque
Arrow with a votive picture plaque at the base
Zodiac design
Decorated with that year’s zodiac animal
Large ceremony arrows
Oversized arrows for household protection
Kumade: History of the Fortune-Gathering Rake
From Farm Tool to Lucky Charm
The kumade originated as an agricultural tool for gathering rice stalks and leaves. The action of “raking in” material was metaphorically extended to “raking in good fortune,” transforming the implement into a charm for business prosperity and good luck.
Kumade (lucky rakes) on display at the Tori-no-Ichi festival at Ootori Shrine within Ookunitama Shrine, Fuchu, Tokyo (November 2024)
Fuchu / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0
Tori-no-Ichi: The Festival That Made Kumade Famous
Kumade became established as lucky charms through the Tori-no-Ichi (Rooster Market) of the Edo period. Held on rooster days in November, these markets are still held grandly at Asakusa Torinomiya Shrine and Hanazono Shrine. The tradition arose of merchants purchasing kumade for business prosperity and buying a larger one each year. Sensoji Temple precincts host complementary New Year crafts and charm stalls.
Meanings of Kumade Decorations
Kumade are decorated with various lucky symbols:
Koban coins, treasure chests: Financial luck and business prosperity
Magic mallet: Grants wishes
Crane and turtle: Longevity and good fortune
Treasure ship: The ship of the Seven Lucky Gods
Lobster: Longevity (living until one’s back bends like a lobster)
Display and Disposal: Proper Handling of Hamaya and Kumade
How to Display Them
The Tori-no-Ichi fair at Ohtori Shrine in Asakusa, Tokyo (November 2013) — one of Tokyo's great autumn spectacles, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors
Yoshikazu TAKADA from Tokyo, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0
Hamaya are typically displayed:
Near the household altar (kamidana) or tokonoma alcove
Above the entrance, pointing outward or toward north-east (the “demon gate”)
At height, with the arrowhead pointing upward or outward
Kumade should be:
Displayed high up near the business counter or household altar
Oriented so the rake faces inward to “gather in” fortune
Replaced annually with a progressively larger size
Proper Disposal of Old Talismans
After one year, return hamaya and kumade to the shrine where you received them. Alternatively, bring them to a Dondo-yaki (sacred bonfire) ceremony held in January-February. If returning to the original shrine is difficult, most shrines accept talismans from other locations for ceremonial burning.
Where to Receive Famous Hamaya and Kumade
Hanazono Shrine in Shinjuku, Tokyo at night — host of the largest Tori-no-Ichi market inside the Yamanote Line, adjacent to Kabukicho
Stephen Kelly from San Francisco, CA, USA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0
These shrines and temples offer especially renowned hamaya and kumade:
Destination
Feature
Asakusa Torinomiya Shrine
Origin of Tori-no-Ichi market; Japan’s largest kumade fair
Hanazono Shrine
Arts and business deity in Shinjuku; vibrant Tori-no-Ichi
Tsurugaoka Hachimangu
Warrior shrine with deep bow-and-arrow traditions
Meiji Jingu
Japan’s top New Year’s pilgrimage destination
Senso-ji Temple
New Year’s charm shopping along Nakamise-dori
Frequently Asked Questions
Which is better for luck — hamaya or kumade?
Neither is superior — they serve different purposes. Hamaya is a protective talisman to repel evil and misfortune. Kumade actively gathers in fortune, business success, and good luck. Homes typically display hamaya; businesses and shops favor kumade.
Do I have to replace my kumade every year?
Tori-no-Ichi tradition holds that replacing your kumade with a progressively larger one brings increasing luck. However, this is not a strict obligation. When purchasing a new kumade, returning the previous year’s to the shrine for proper disposal is the correct etiquette.
Which direction should I face my hamaya?
Generally, point it toward the direction from which evil might come — for entrance halls, outward or toward the northeast (the traditional “oni gate”). For household altars, pointing east or south is considered auspicious. Since practices vary by region and shrine, checking with the issuing shrine is always the most reliable approach.
Last updated: April 25, 2026
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