Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
8th Ashikaga Shogun, Builder of Ginkakuji
1436-1490 · 享年 54歳
N O T Y E T M E T
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Three Surprising Facts
Ginkakuji and Higashiyama Culture
He abandoned politics to retreat to Higashiyama, building Ginkakuji. His pursuit of wabi-sabi aesthetics completed the prototypes of Japanese culture: shoin architecture, rock gardens, tea ceremony, and flower arrangement.
The Man Who Caused the Onin War
His indecision over succession triggered the Onin War, which burned Kyoto to the ground. Yet he continued pursuing the arts even as the capital burned around him.
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Full Biography
From birth to death
Born in Kyoto as the son of the sixth Ashikaga shogun Yoshinori, he was appointed the eighth shogun in 1449. His administration during his time as shogun is regarded by many historians as politically inept: he took no vigorous political reforms amid recurring fiscal crises, famines, and peasant uprisings. Conflicts over his successor — between his brother-in-law Hatakeyama Mochikuni and between his younger brother Yoshimi and his son Yoshihisa — became among the contributing causes of the Onin War (1467–1477). As Kyoto was burned to ruins in the Onin War, Yoshimasa lost interest in politics and immersed himself in art, crafts, the tea ceremony, and garden design. In 1473 he transferred the shogunate to his son Yoshihisa, and from 1482 began constructing a mountain villa in the Higashiyama hills — the Higashiyama-dono. After his death this villa became the Zen temple Jishoji, commonly known as Ginkakuji (Silver Pavilion). As a synthesis of the Higashiyama culture combining shoin-zukuri architecture and kare-sansui dry gardens, it remains a UNESCO World Heritage Site today. He patronized and cultivated the arts of no theater, renga linked verse, and ink-wash painting — the cultural flowering called Higashiyama culture — and left an immeasurable cultural heritage for later Japan. He died in 1490 at age 55.
Personality
Criticized for lacking the qualities of a statesman and for his indecisiveness in political affairs, his artistic sensibility was nonetheless unrivaled in his era. He devoted his life to the earnest pursuit of beauty and to creating Higashiyama culture — embodying a world of simple, refined wabi and sabi. The image of a man pursuing an aesthetic ideal even amid an age of chaos carries a unique pathos that has been passed down to posterity.
Historical Significance
The Higashiyama culture formed the foundation of Japanese culture centered on wabi and sabi, a spirit inherited by the Momoyama and Edo cultures that followed. Much of what is today recognized as distinctively "Japanese culture" — from the Silver Pavilion and dry gardens to the tea ceremony, no theater, renga, and ink-wash painting — took shape in Yoshimasa's era. As part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto," Ginkakuji continues to captivate people from around the world.
Family Tree
Self
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
1436-1490
Principal Wife
1440-1496
Hino Tomiko
Regarded as one of the contributing causes of the Onin War, she was a powerful figure who accumulated great wealth and wielded authority as a widow.
Children
Eldest Son
1465-1489
Ashikaga Yoshihisa
Ninth Ashikaga shogun, who died of illness in the field during a campaign against the Rokkaku clan.
Related Historical Events
1467
応仁の乱
1467年から1477年にかけて京都を主戦場に繰り広げられた室町幕府最大の内乱。足利将軍家の後継争いに細川勝元(東軍)と山名宗全(西軍)の管領家の対立が絡み合い、十一年にわたる大乱となった。京都は東軍・西軍の陣地に分かれ、市街地の大半が焼け野原となった。戦国時代の直接的な契機となった戦乱であり、幕府権威は地に落ち、下克上の風潮が全国に広まった。応仁の乱をもって日本の中世が終わり、戦国時代が始まるとする歴史観が一般的であり、日本史上最も重要な内乱の一つとして評価される。
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